Techniques for Reducing Polarization, Wavelength and Temperature Dependent Loss, and Wavelength Passband Width in Fiberoptic Components

ABSTRACT

A pin hole or aperture is located or formed adjacent to the end surface of one or more of the input ports or fibers, or adjacent to one or more of the output ports or fibers, of a fiberoptic component. The aperture allows light to enter (or exit) the core of the associated fiber, and the non-transparent layer that surrounds the aperture blocks light from entering or exiting the cladding layer of the associated fiber. This blocking of the evanescent field in the cladding layer serves to reduce the polarization, wavelength, and temperature dependencies of the light coupling to the output port(s) or fiber(s) of the optical component. It can also reduce the passband width of the selected wavelength in tunable optical filter applications. The non-transparent layer surrounding the aperture can be made reflective, and light that is reflected by the non-transparent layer can be used for optical power monitoring.

BACKGROUND

The following is related generally to optical or fiberoptic componentsused in optical communication networks and, more specifically, toreducing polarization, wavelength, and temperature dependent loss infiberoptic components.

Fiberoptic components such as Variable Optical Attenuators (VOAs),optical switches, and tunable optical filters are widely deployed inoptical networks, typically in the 1550 nm or 1310 nm wavelengthwindows, as well as other wavelength ranges. Inwavelength-division-multiplexed optical networks where multiplewavelengths are used, so that multiple channels of information can betransmitted or carried on a single fiber, Variable Optical Attenuatorsare used at various points in the network, to manage the optical powerof the multiple optical signals or wavelengths. Optical switches areused to redirect or re-route signals that are transmitted or carried onfibers, by establishing connections between fibers. Tunable opticalfilters are used to select specific wavelengths or wavelength ranges,and may also be used to scan multiple wavelengths in channel or fibermonitoring applications.

Optical beam-steering technologies of various kinds are often used toimplement fiberoptic components such as VOAs, optical switches, andtunable optical filters. For example, MEMS (Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems) tilting mirrors are often used to steer light from one or moreinput ports or fibers of a fiberoptic component, towards one or moreoutput ports or fibers. In a MEMS-based VOA, the beam is steered towardan output port, and the degree of alignment of the beam to the outputport determines the amount of attenuation. In a MEMS-based opticalswitch, the intent is usually to have minimal insertion loss, as thebeam is steered to the desired output port. Similarly, in a tunableoptical filter, the intent is usually to have minimal insertion loss ofthe selected wavelength or wavelength range, as it is steered to theoutput port. Also, in the case of some tunable optical filters, thecoupling of light to the output port and the geometry of the opticalpath, serve to determine the shape and width of the selectedwavelength's passband.

In fiberoptic components that make use of beam-steering, the coupling oflight from the one or more input ports or fibers, to the one or moreoutput ports or fibers, depends on many factors, including theconfiguration and design of optical elements in the path between theinput and output ports, as well as the coupling of the steered beam tothe output port(s) or fiber(s). The loss through the fiberopticcomponent may be dependent on the polarization of the input light,wavelength, and even the ambient temperature. In the case of tunableoptical filter components, the coupling of light to the output port(s)or fiber(s) may also determine the shape and width of the filter'spassband. The reduction of polarization dependent loss (PDL), wavelengthdependent loss (WDL), and temperature dependent loss (TDL) has greatvalue to the designers and implementers of fiberoptic networks.Similarly, improvements to the passband characteristics of tunableoptical filter components, such as providing greater isolation ofadjacent wavelength channels, also has great value.

In many of the optical network applications of Variable OpticalAttenuators, as well other fiberoptic components, it is often necessaryor desirable to monitor the optical power of the signal, either on theinput side of the component, or (more typically) on the output side. Forthis reason, it is common practice to use an optical tap and an opticalpower detector, at either the input or output of an optical component orfunction. The optical tap splits off a small portion of the opticalsignal. The split-off optical signal is then directed to an opticaldetector device, which converts the optical power to an electricalsignal, from which the optical power of the signal can be determined.The remainder of the optical signal (the portion that was not split offand directed to the detector circuit) is than passed on to the rest ofthe network. The portion of the optical power that was split off by theoptical splitter, or tap, represents a source of insertion loss to thedesired/intended optical signal. Consequently, optical systems couldbenefit from improvements in providing a tap function for monitoringpurposes.

SUMMARY

An optical component has one or more optical waveguides, including afirst optical waveguide having an inner core extending in a firstdirection that is radially surrounded by an outer cladding along thefirst direction, the first optical waveguide terminating in a first end.The inner core has a higher index of refraction than the index ofrefraction of the outer cladding. A non-transparent end structure coversthe first end of the first optical waveguide and has a transparentaperture for at least a portion of inner core.

A ferrule structure for an optical fiber includes one or morethrough-holes for the embedding of a corresponding one or more opticalfibers that are inserted into a first end of the ferrule structure. Theferrule structure also includes an end plate covering a second end of afirst of the through-holes, the end plate having a non-transparent outersurface with a central transparent aperture.

In a method of forming an optical component, a first end of an opticalwaveguide is coated with a photoresist material. The optical waveguidehas an inner core extending in a first direction that is radiallysurrounded by an outer cladding along the first direction, where theoptical waveguide terminates at the first end. The inner core has ahigher index of refraction than the index of refraction of the outercladding. Light is subsequently transmitted through the opticalwaveguide to thereby expose at least a portion of the photoresistmaterial. Non-exposed portions of the photoresist material are removedfrom the first end of the optical waveguide. A non-transparent coatingis deposited over the first end of the optical waveguide, including theexposed portion of the photoresist material. The exposed portion of thephotoresist, including the non-transparent coating deposited over theexposed portion of the photoresist, is subsequently removed to therebyform an aperture in the non-transparent coating.

Various aspects, advantages, features and embodiments are included inthe following description of exemplary examples thereof, whichdescription should be taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings. All patents, patent applications, articles, otherpublications, documents and things referenced herein are herebyincorporated herein by this reference in their entirety for allpurposes. To the extent of any inconsistency or conflict in thedefinition or use of terms between any of the incorporated publications,documents or things and the present application, those of the presentapplication shall prevail.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates the electric field power distribution of thefundamental mode in a single mode fiber.

FIG. 1B shows three examples for cross-section geometries of planarwaveguides.

FIG. 2 illustrates the electric field power distribution for an opticalbeam that is launched into a single mode fiber, with a lateral offsetfrom the center of the fiber core.

FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment in which an opaque surface with anaperture is used to largely block light from entering or exiting thecladding layer of an optical fiber.

FIG. 3B illustrates one of the methods in which a pin hole or aperturecan be imposed on a fiber end surface.

FIG. 4 shows the electric field power distributions of the fundamentalmodes of two different wavelengths.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show fiber misalignment in the lateral and angulardirections, respectively.

FIG. 6 illustrates a generalized fiberoptic component that has opticalelements that are located between a group of input fibers and a group ofoutput fibers.

FIG. 7 shows a wavelength spectrum or passband that has been selected,and is being carried or transmitted in an optical fiber.

FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate a process for creating a pin hole or aperturedirectly on the end surface of the core of an optical fiber, using UVlithography.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment in which the non-transparent area surroundingthe pin hole or aperture is designed to reflect a portion of the light,back towards the input.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The output of a fiberoptic component is typically dependent on thepolarization and wavelength of the input light or optical signal, andmay also depend on the ambient temperature, and other parameters. Thetechniques presented here relate to methods for reducing polarization,wavelength, and temperature dependent loss in fiberoptic components.These techniques can also be used to reduce the wavelength passbandwidth in some types of fiberoptic components, and have application inoptical power monitoring.

More specifically, a pin hole or aperture can be located or formedadjacent to the end surface of one or more of the input ports or fibers,or adjacent to one or more of the output ports or fibers, of afiberoptic component. The pin hole or aperture allows light to enter (orexit) the core of the associated fiber, and the non-transparent layerthat surrounds the pin hole or aperture blocks light from entering orexiting the cladding layer of the associated fiber. This blocking of theevanescent field in the cladding layer serves to reduce thepolarization, wavelength, and temperature dependencies of the lightcoupling to the output port(s) or fiber(s) of the optical component. Itcan also reduce the passband width of the selected wavelength in tunableoptical filter applications. The non-transparent layer surrounding thepin-hole or aperture can be made reflective (such as a metallic or otherreflective material, such as a reflective dielectric), and the lightthat is reflected by the non-transparent layer can be used for opticalpower monitoring.

As shown in FIG. 1A, an optical fiber 130, such as is used in opticalcommunication networks, includes a transparent core 101 surrounded by atransparent cladding layer 102 that has a refraction index n2 that islower than the refraction index n1 of the core 101. A majority of thelight that passes down the fiber is confined in the core 101 by totalinternal reflection, occurring at the interface 103 of the core 101 andcladding 102, and the remaining small portion of light, referred to asan evanescent field, and indicated by 105, penetrates into the claddinglayer 102 and decays out along the radial direction r. If the core ofthe fiber carries only one propagation mode, then the fiber is called asingle-mode (SM) fiber. The fiber is called multi-mode (MM) fiber if itcarries more than one propagation mode. In the following description,single-mode fiber is assumed in the drawings and description, forillustrative purposes. However, the techniques are applicable tomulti-mode fibers as well, with similar physics.

For a single-mode (SM) fiber, the index n₁ in the core 101 can be eitheruniform (in which case it can be referred to as step-index) ornon-uniform (for example, graded index fiber, having a maximum index ofrefraction at the core center). Similarly, the index n₂ of the claddinglayer 102 can either be a uniform index or have a distribution. Theelectric field distribution and its corresponding power distribution(proportional to the square of the electric field) of the fundamentalmode in a single-mode fiber, plotted as intensity I versus radialdistance, is indicated by 110. Inset drawing 120 shows the perspectiveview of the power distribution, as emitted from a fiber end surface 107.The propagation mode can carry its electric field in any transversepolarization direction, which can be generally decomposed into twoorthogonal directions, represented by E_(x) and E_(y), as indicated by121 and 122, respectively. The core diameter of SM fibers used inoptical communications is typically 9 micro-meters and the claddingdiameter is typically 125 micro-meters.

The techniques described here also extend to other forms of optical orphotonic waveguides, in addition to optical fiber. Optical or photonicwaveguides can be formed in or on substrates, using a variety ofmaterials and fabrication processes. Devices using optical or photonicwaveguides are sometimes referred to as photonic integrated circuits(PICs) or photonic lightwave circuits (PLCs). Common materials used foroptical or photonic waveguides include silicon and silica. Thefabrication processes are similar to semiconductor fabricationprocesses, and include etching, deposition, oxidation, lithography, etc.Similar to optical fiber, optical or photonic waveguide structures havea core of relatively higher index of refraction, surrounded by claddingmaterial with relatively lower index of refraction. The cross-sectionalshape of the core may be rectangular, or square, or any number ofshapes. The cladding that surrounds the core may also have differentshapes and configurations. FIG. 1B gives some examples shown incross-section, oriented such that the light would run into or out of thepage. In each of these examples, the lower cladding is formed over thesubstrate, upon which the core is formed, either as a slab, a ridgeshaped slab, or a channel-shaped core, over which an upper cladding isin turn formed. Most optical or photonic waveguides are single-mode(SM), although it is also possible to have multi-mode (MM) waveguides.Although the following description and figures are based on, or assume,the use of optical fiber, it will be understood that the techniques arealso applicable to optical or photonic waveguide structures, with coresof varying shape. Similarly, the techniques could be applied to otherfiber types, such as multicore fiber, where, depending on theembodiment, the end structure could have a separate aperture for eachcore, or more than one core could share a common aperture.

FIG. 2 shows a beam, having electric field distribution 201, located ina plane at Z=−∈ in air or vacuum (∈ is a small distance). (Note that inFIG. 2, the positive direction of Z is towards the left of the figure.)The polarization of the beam is in either the X or Y direction. The beamis launched to the fiber end surface 212, located in a plane at Z=0, butthe beam is substantially offset (laterally) from the fiber core center215. This sort of lateral beam shift is typical of many types offiberoptic components that use various forms of beam-steeringtechnologies, such as Variable Optical Attenuators (VOAs). One exampleof lateral beam shift in a VOA application is shown in the product website of DiCon Fiberoptics, Inc. Another example of lateral beam shift inshown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/184,722. Part of theoptical power in beam 201 is coupled to the fundamental propagation mode220 of the single-mode fiber, and the rest is coupled into the fibercladding, and then leaked out of the fiber 210. As the lateral offsetfrom the core center increases, the optical power that is coupled to thecore of fiber 210 decreases. The coupling efficiency is also dependenton the polarization state of the input beam 201, as well as the stressdistribution inside the cladding layer, due to differences in theelectric field matching at the interface (in accordance withelectromagnetics theory) for different polarization states. Thedifference in the coupling efficiency that results from polarization iscalled polarization dependent loss (PDL).

Mathematically, the coupling efficiency η_(c) is equal to:

∫∫_(Z≧0) E _(a)(x,y)E _(q)(x,y)dS (integrated over the plane surface forZ≧0),

where E_(a) is the normalized amplitude of the electric fielddistribution of the input beam for Z≧0, and E_(q) is the normalizedfundamental mode 220, which is a Gaussian beam. When the input beam 201enters the fiber end surface 212, the E_(a) distribution for Z≧0 isslightly dependent on the polarization state of the incident beam andthe stress distribution inside the cladding layer, even though theamplitude distribution of the electric field at Z=−∈ is the same for allpolarization states, due to differences in the electric field matchingat the interface 203, for different polarization states.

The techniques presented here present a method for reducing polarizationdependent loss (PDL), as well as wavelength dependent loss (WDL) andtemperature dependent loss (TDL) due to thermal expansion andcontraction changing the alignment of elements. The techniques can alsobe used to reduce the wavelength passband width of fiberopticcomponents, by covering up the cladding layer that is adjacent to thefiber core at the fiber end surface with a non-transparent (or opaque)layer, which may consist of one or more sub-layers. In FIG. 3A, 302indicates the interface of the fiber core 301 and cladding 303. Theshaded area 305 denotes the portion of the cladding area that is coveredby a non-transparent material, such as a metal. Thus, a pin hole openingor aperture 306 is created on the fiber end surface 320. The pin holecan be substantially the same size as, slightly larger than, or smallerthan the fiber core 302.

In the right-hand portion of FIG. 3A, an input beam 308, having anelectric field distribution denoted by 310, is incident onto the endsurface of an optical fiber, identical in structure to the fiber shownin the left-hand portion of the figure. (The labels shown on theleft-hand figure also apply to the right-hand figure.) As shown in FIG.3A, the input beam 308 is offset laterally from the center of the fibercore. Thus, a majority portion of the input optical power, denoted inthe figure as area B, is blocked by the non-transparent material, andonly the remaining portion denoted as area A is able to enter (or exit)the optical fiber. Because the optical power of portion A is coupled tothe fiber core 301 directly, and the optical power of portion B isblocked by the non-transparent layer outside pin hole 306, the electricfield matching at the interface 302 is eliminated. Thus, the influenceof polarization on the coupling of portion A into the fundamentalpropagation mode of the fiber is substantially reduced or limited, incomparison to the case in which there is no pin hole and nonon-transparent area. In short, the pin hole or aperture, and thesurrounding non-transparent layer, serve to reduce or limit thepolarization dependency of the power coupling of an input beam to an SMfiber. Experimental results verify that applying a pin hole or aperturewith a diameter that is close to the size of the fiber core can reducePDL by an order of magnitude, or more.

The end structure of the pin hole or aperture on the fiber end surfacecan be created using UV lithography (as explained later, and shown inFIG. 8), or by attaching a pin hole plate 325 closely to the fiber end317 as shown in FIG. 3B, as well as through the use of other metal (orother material) deposition methods. In alternate embodiments, a ferrulestructure can include a pin hole end plate at the end of thethrough-hole, into which a fiber can then be embedded. These methods areall within the scope of the present discussion, as long as the pin holeor aperture with surrounding non-transparent layer is closely proximateto a fiber end, to inhibit optical power being coupled into orpropagating in the cladding layer. In FIG. 3B, a metallic or othernon-transparent layer 327 with a pin hole opening 329 is first printedor deposited on a transparent plate 325 using photo-lithography andchemical etching. Then the pin hole of the plate is aligned with thecore 322 of the fiber 320, and the plate 325 is tightly fixed againstthe fiber end surface 327, as indicated by assembly 330.

As explained above, an SM fiber carries a fundamental mode, whoseevanescent field spreads out into the cladding layer. The longer thewavelength, the more spread-out it is. As shown in FIG. 4, theamplitudes of two electric fields at a longer wavelength λ_(L) and ashorter wavelength λ_(s) are indicated by the two curves 401 and 402,respectively. In FIG. 4, d represents the core diameter, and the pinhole or aperture diameter is D. The so-called mode field diameter (MFD)is the diameter at which the amplitude of the field decays to 1/e of thepeak amplitude that is located at the core center (e is the mathematicalconstant that is the base of the natural logarithm, sometimes calledEuler's number, and is approximately equal to 2.718). If the fundamentalmode of an SM fiber propagates toward a fiber end that has a pin hole oraperture of diameter D, such that the pin hole is lined up with thefiber core and is imposed on the fiber end surface, only light that iswithin the pin hole is able to exit the fiber end. The optical power ofthe evanescent field in the fiber cladding is blocked by thenon-transparent layer or film that surrounds the pin hole. This resultsin the total power exiting the fiber being less wavelength dependent,compared to the case without the pin hole or surrounding non-transparentlayer. This exiting power may then pass other optical components, beforereaching an output port or a photo-detector, at which point a powermeasurement of the light would show less wavelength dependence.Similarly, the reduced beam size caused by a pin hole andnon-transparent layer, either in the input fiber(s) or output fiber(s),results in reduced loss variation from temperature-induced opticalcoupling changes in the optical elements that lie along the opticalpath.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show examples of two fibers that are in lateralmis-alignment and angular mis-alignment, respectively, such as may occurin an optical device or system. In FIG. 5A, an input fiber 501 carryingoptical power is coupled to an output fiber 502, with a substantialmis-alignment in the relative lateral positions of the two fiber cores503 and 504. Both insertion loss (IL) and polarization dependent loss(PDL) are high for this coupling fiber pair. However, if a pin hole oraperture is imposed on either or both of the fiber end surfaces 507 and508, of fibers 501 and 502, respectively, then the polarizationdependent loss of this coupling fiber pair can be reduced significantly.This provides substantial performance advantages for optical componentsand optical system design, which desire stable optical output regardlessof the polarization state of the transmitted optical signal. The penaltyfor imposing a pin hole in this example is that the insertion loss ofthe fiber coupling will be increased slightly. In FIG. 5B, the twofibers 511 and 512 are in severe angular mis-alignment. Similarly, a pinhole imposed on either or both of the fiber end surfaces 515 and 516, offibers 511 and 512, respectively, can significantly reduce PDL.

FIG. 6 illustrates a generalized optical component having one or moreoptical fibers as a group (only two fibers are shown in the figure)comprising an input port 601, and one or more optical fibers as a group(only two fibers are shown in the figure) comprising an output port 602.The fibers in the input and output ports may be embedded in fiberferrules 603 and 604, respectively, for optical alignment, positioning,and fixing in place. A generalized assembly of optical elements 610 ispositioned between input port 601 and output port 602. Because thetransmission characteristics (such as index birefringence) of manyoptical elements are dependent on the polarization state of the light(at least to some extent), the optical beam that impinges on the outputport also depends somewhat on the polarization state. If a pin hole andsurrounding non-transparent layer is imposed on one or more of the inputand output fibers, the optical power coupling from the input to theoutput fibers can be made less polarization dependent. In FIG. 6, all ofthe fibers are shown with an end structure.

For spectral-selective (or wavelength-selective) optical components, asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,899,330 and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/081,294, the output port/fiber carries a wavelength spectrum asshown by plot 701 in FIG. 7. Due to wavelength cross-talk, diffractioneffects, and scattering caused by the optical elements in the opticalpath, the selected spectrum (or wavelength) of such an optical componentmay have limited wavelength isolation, typically about 25 dB, outside ofits FWHM (full width at half maximum) passband. This is represented bythe bottom portion 705, of spectral curve 701. Maximizing wavelengthisolation is highly desirable for optical system design, as it increasesthe effective signal-to-noise ratio of the optical signals. By imposinga pin hole with surrounding non-transparent layer onto the input fibers,output fibers, or both, the wavelength “noise” on the output ports canbe reduced, as indicated by plot 702.

FIGS. 8A-8D illustrates some of the stages for an exemplary process forcreating a pin hole or aperture, with surrounding non-transparent layer,on the fiber end surface. At FIG. 8A, an optical fiber 801, with fibercore 802 and cladding layer 803, is embedded in a through-hole (or boreor passage) a fiber ferrule 804 (not shown to actual scale), and its endsurface 806 is well polished either perpendicular or being slanted witha small angle with respect to the optical axis of the fiber core 802. Aphotoresist material 809 is then coated on the end surface 806, as shownin FIG. 8B. As indicated in FIG. 8C, UV light, typically withwavelengths ranging from about 230 nm to about 400 nm, is then launchedinto the fiber core 802 from the other fiber end 815. The UV light isthen carried by the fiber core 802 toward the photoresist layer, causingthe photoresist material to cure or solidify, in the area above or ontop of the fiber core 802. By controlling the UV light intensity andexposure time, the size of the area of cured or solidified photoresistcan be tuned. By washing away the un-exposed photoresist, a circularphotoresist island 820 is left remaining on top of the fiber core 802.Depending on the UV light intensity and exposure time, the circularphotoresist island may be slightly larger or slightly smaller than thefiber core diameter. In FIG. 8D, a thin metal film or a layer (orlayers) of some non-transparent material 825 is deposited onto the fiberferrule end surface 806, typically by using some form of physical orchemical vapor deposition process. The photoresist island 820 is thenremoved by solvents, such that a pin hole opening or aperture 828 iscreated in the non-transparent film or layer 825, right on top of thefiber core. The size and placement of the pin hole opening or aperture828 is directly related the size and placement of the photoresist island820. The size of the photoresist island 820 in turn depends on theexposed UV dose, while the placement of the photoresist island 820 isself-aligned to the fiber core 802. Thus, by controlling the exposuredose, the pin hole opening size of the end structure can be tuned andcontrolled. Normally, having a pin hole opening size that is eitherslightly larger or slightly smaller than the fiber core size, is desiredfor enhancing the stability of the output optical power withoutsignificantly sacrificing power transmission, as described above.

In another embodiment, a fiber with a pin hole or aperture on its endsurface can be used to reflect optical power that is contained in theevanescent field of the fundamental mode, as shown in FIG. 9. A fiber902 has its end surface 907 coated with a non-transparent layer 905,that contains a pin hole 906, located over the fiber core 903. The fiberend surface 907 may be slanted by a small angle, with respect to theoptical axis of the fiber core 903. The other fiber 901 has one endsurface 909 that is well polished, and may also be slanted with a smallangle. Fiber end surface 909 may be coated with an anti-reflectioncoating. The slanted fiber end face(s) and anti-reflection coating areintended to avoid back-reflection of the optical signal, as well as theformation of an unintended optical cavity between end surface 905 andend surface 909. The two fibers 902 and 901 may be positioned proximateto one another with a small air gap between them, or they may bephysically butted against each other, or they may be fused togetherusing a fusion splicing machine, to form a fiber pair assembly, asindicated by 950 in the bottom portion of FIG. 9.

As shown in the bottom portion of FIG. 9, the fundamental mode 951 offiber 901 propagates along fiber core 908 toward the interface 952, andits power around the mode center 954 is transmitted through the pin holeor aperture, and eventually turns into the fundamental mode of fiber902, with smaller amplitude, as represented by 957. However, itsevanescent field 955 is reflected by the non-transparent (andreflective) layer 905, back to fiber 901. Although most (or even all) ofthe optical power of reflected evanescent field 955 is coupled into thecladding layer of fiber 901, a portion of the reflected evanescent fieldwill eventually be partially coupled into the core of fiber 901, asfundamental mode 960, with a much smaller amplitude. The reflectedoptical power 960, exiting the other end 962 of fiber 901, can be usedfor monitoring the optical power level carried by the incomingfundamental mode 951 in the fiber 901, or it can be used for otheroptical processing. The fiber end 962 can be slanted by a small angle(although this is not shown in FIG. 9) with respect to the optical axisof fiber core 908, such that the reflected power 960 exits fiber 901into free space with a small angle (also with respect to the opticalaxis of the fiber core 908), for easy detection by an optical receiveror photo-detector. The transmitted (output) optical power 957, at theoutput end 961 of fiber 902, has the benefits of low polarization,temperature, and wavelength dependence, as described above. It should benoted that the transmission of light in fiber pair 950 is opticallybidirectional. Fiber 902 may be used as the input fiber, and fiber 901may be used as the output fiber, as long as the non-transparent layer905 is reflective on both sides.

The foregoing detailed description has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in light of the above teaching. Thedescribed embodiments were chosen in order to best explain theprinciples involved and their practical application, to thereby enableothers skilled in the art to best utilize the various embodiments andwith various modifications as are suited to the particular usecontemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be definedby the claims appended hereto.

1. An optical component, comprising: one or more optical waveguides,including a first optical waveguide having an inner core extending in afirst direction that is radially surrounded by an outer cladding alongthe first direction, the first optical waveguide terminating in a firstend and wherein the inner core has a higher index of refraction than theindex of refraction of the outer cladding; and a non-transparent endstructure covering the first end of the first optical waveguide andhaving a transparent aperture for at least a portion of inner core,wherein the non-transparent end structure is reflective and the opticalcomponent is configured to monitor at least a portion of incident lightreflected from the non-transparent end structure.
 2. The opticalcomponent of claim 1, wherein the first optical waveguide is an opticalfiber.
 3. The optical component of claim 2, further comprising: aferrule in which the optical fiber is embedded.
 4. The optical componentof claim 1, wherein the optical component includes a substrate upon orwithin which the first optical waveguide is formed.
 5. (canceled)
 6. Theoptical component of claim 1, wherein the end structure is formed on thefirst end of the optical waveguide.
 7. The optical component of claim 1,wherein the end structure is formed on a plate, separate from the firstend of the optical waveguide.
 8. The optical component of claim 1,wherein the inner core has a uniform index of refraction.
 9. The opticalcomponent of claim 1, wherein the inner core has a non-uniform index ofrefraction.
 10. The optical component of claim 1, wherein thetransparent aperture has an area that is less than the area of the innercore on the first end, such that less than all of the inner core on thefirst end is exposed by the transparent aperture.
 11. The opticalcomponent of claim 1, wherein the transparent aperture has an area thatis larger than the area of the inner core on the first end, such thatall of the inner core and a portion of the cladding is exposed by thetransparent aperture.
 12. The optical component of claim 1, wherein thetransparent aperture has an area that is substantially equal to the areaof the inner core on the first end, being aligned such thatsubstantially all of the inner core and none of the cladding is exposedby the transparent aperture.
 13. The optical component of claim 1,wherein the first end of the first optical waveguide is angled at anon-right angle relative to the first direction.
 14. The opticalcomponent of claim 1, further comprising: a second optical waveguideterminating in a second end, the second end being proximate to the firstend of the first optical waveguide, wherein the first and second opticalwaveguides are aligned such that light transmitted from the second endof the second waveguide is incident upon the first end of the firstwaveguide.
 15. An optical component, comprising: one or more opticalwaveguides, including a first optical waveguide having an inner coreextending in a first direction that is radially surrounded by an outercladding along the first direction, the first optical waveguideterminating in a first end and wherein the inner core has a higher indexof refraction than the index of refraction of the outer cladding; anon-transparent end structure covering the first end of the firstoptical waveguide and having a transparent aperture for at least aportion of inner core; and a second optical waveguide terminating in asecond end, the second end being proximate to the first end of the firstoptical waveguide, wherein the first and second optical waveguides arealigned such that light transmitted from the second end of the secondwaveguide is incident upon the first end of the first waveguide, whereinthe non-transparent end structure is reflective, and wherein the firstand second optical waveguides are further aligned such that at least aportion of light transmitted from the second end of the second opticalwaveguide that is incident upon the first end of the first opticalwaveguide is reflected back onto the second end of the second opticalwaveguide, and the optical component is configured to monitor the lightreflected back onto the second end of the waveguide. 16-29. (canceled)30. The optical component of claim 1, wherein the optical component isfurther configured to determine the optical power of the at least aportion of incident light reflected from the non-transparent endstructure.
 31. The optical component of claim 1, further comprising: aphoto-detector, wherein the photodetector is configured to monitor theat least a portion of incident light reflected from the non-transparentend structure.
 32. The optical component of claim 15, wherein theoptical component is further configured to determine the optical powerof the at least a portion light reflected back onto the second end ofthe waveguide.
 33. The optical component of claim 15, furthercomprising: a photo-detector, wherein the photodetector is configured tomonitor the at least a portion of light reflected back onto the secondend of the waveguide.
 34. An optical device, comprising: one or moreoptical waveguides, including a first optical waveguide having an innercore extending in a first direction that is radially surrounded by anouter cladding along the first direction, the first optical waveguideterminating in a first end and wherein the inner core has a higher indexof refraction than the index of refraction of the outer cladding; anon-transparent end structure covering the first end of the firstoptical waveguide and having a transparent aperture for at least aportion of inner core, wherein the non-transparent end structure isreflective; and a photo-detector configured such that a portion of abeam of light incident on the end structure is reflected thereon,wherein the photo-detector is further configured to determine theoptical power of the portion of the beam of light.
 35. The opticaldevice of claim 34, wherein the first optical waveguide is an opticalfiber.
 36. The optical device of claim 35, further comprising: a ferrulein which the optical fiber is embedded.
 37. The optical device of claim34, wherein the end structure is formed on the first end of the opticalwaveguide.
 38. The optical device of claim 34, wherein the end structureis formed on a plate, separate from the first end of the opticalwaveguide.
 39. The optical device of claim 34, wherein the inner corehas a uniform index of refraction.
 40. The optical device of claim 34,wherein the inner core has a non-uniform index of refraction.
 41. Theoptical device of claim 34, wherein the transparent aperture has an areathat is less than the area of the inner core on the first end, such thatless than all of the inner core on the first end is exposed by thetransparent aperture.
 42. The optical device of claim 34, wherein thetransparent aperture has an area that is larger than the area of theinner core on the first end, such that all of the inner core and aportion of the cladding is exposed by the transparent aperture.
 43. Theoptical device of claim 34, wherein the transparent aperture has an areathat is substantially equal to the area of the inner core on the firstend, being aligned such that substantially all of the inner core andnone of the cladding is exposed by the transparent aperture.
 44. Theoptical device of claim 34, wherein the first end of the first opticalwaveguide is angled at a non-right angle relative to the firstdirection.
 45. The optical device of claim 34, further comprising: asecond optical waveguide terminating in a second end, the second endbeing proximate to the first end of the first optical waveguide, whereinthe first and second optical waveguides are aligned such that lighttransmitted from the second end of the second waveguide is incident uponthe first end of the first waveguide.